Tidy Animated Verbs

Garrick Aden-Buie – @grrrck – garrickadenbuie.com. Set operations contributed by Tyler Grant Smith.

• Mutating Joins — inner_join(), left_join(), right_join(), full_join()

• Filtering Joins — semi_join(), anti_join()

• Set Operations — union(), union_all(), intersect(), setdiff()

• Tidy Data — spread() and gather()

• Learn more about

  • Using the animations and images
  • Relational Data
  • gganimate

Background

Usage

Please feel free to use these images for teaching or learning about action verbs from the tidyverse. You can directly download the original animations or static images in svg or png formats, or you can use the scripts to recreate the images locally.

Currently, the animations cover the dplyr two-table verbs and I’d like to expand the animations to include more verbs from the tidyverse. Suggestions are welcome!

Relational Data

The Relational Data chapter of the R for Data Science book by Garrett Grolemund and Hadley Wickham is an excellent resource for learning more about relational data.

The dplyr two-table verbs vignette and Jenny Bryan’s Cheatsheet for dplyr join functions are also great resources.

gganimate

The animations were made possible by the newly re-written gganimate package by Thomas Lin Pedersen (original by Dave Robinson). The package readme provides an excellent (and quick) introduction to gganimte.

Mutating Joins

x
#> # A tibble: 3 x 2
#>      id x    
#>   <int> <chr>
#> 1     1 x1   
#> 2     2 x2   
#> 3     3 x3
y
#> # A tibble: 3 x 2
#>      id y    
#>   <int> <chr>
#> 1     1 y1   
#> 2     2 y2   
#> 3     4 y4

Inner Join

All rows from x where there are matching values in y, and all columns from x and y.

inner_join(x, y, by = "id")
#> # A tibble: 2 x 3
#>      id x     y    
#>   <int> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 x1    y1   
#> 2     2 x2    y2

Left Join

All rows from x, and all columns from x and y. Rows in x with no match in y will have NA values in the new columns.

left_join(x, y, by = "id")
#> # A tibble: 3 x 3
#>      id x     y    
#>   <int> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 x1    y1   
#> 2     2 x2    y2   
#> 3     3 x3    <NA>

Left Join (Extra Rows in y)

… If there are multiple matches between x and y, all combinations of the matches are returned.

y_extra # has multiple rows with the key from `x`
#> # A tibble: 4 x 2
#>      id y    
#>   <dbl> <chr>
#> 1     1 y1   
#> 2     2 y2   
#> 3     4 y4   
#> 4     2 y5
left_join(x, y_extra, by = "id")
#> # A tibble: 4 x 3
#>      id x     y    
#>   <dbl> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 x1    y1   
#> 2     2 x2    y2   
#> 3     2 x2    y5   
#> 4     3 x3    <NA>

Right Join

All rows from y, and all columns from x and y. Rows in y with no match in x will have NA values in the new columns.

right_join(x, y, by = "id")
#> # A tibble: 3 x 3
#>      id x     y    
#>   <int> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 x1    y1   
#> 2     2 x2    y2   
#> 3     4 <NA>  y4

Full Join

All rows and all columns from both x and y. Where there are not matching values, returns NA for the one missing.

full_join(x, y, by = "id")
#> # A tibble: 4 x 3
#>      id x     y    
#>   <int> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 x1    y1   
#> 2     2 x2    y2   
#> 3     3 x3    <NA> 
#> 4     4 <NA>  y4

Filtering Joins

Semi Join

All rows from x where there are matching values in y, keeping just columns from x.

semi_join(x, y, by = "id")
#> # A tibble: 2 x 2
#>      id x    
#>   <int> <chr>
#> 1     1 x1   
#> 2     2 x2

Anti Join

All rows from x where there are not matching values in y, keeping just columns from x.

anti_join(x, y, by = "id")
#> # A tibble: 1 x 2
#>      id x    
#>   <int> <chr>
#> 1     3 x3

Set Operations

x
#> # A tibble: 3 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 1     a    
#> 2 1     b    
#> 3 2     a
y 
#> # A tibble: 2 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 1     a    
#> 2 2     b

Union

All unique rows from x and y.

union(x, y)
#> # A tibble: 4 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 2     b    
#> 2 2     a    
#> 3 1     b    
#> 4 1     a

union(y, x)
#> # A tibble: 4 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 2     a    
#> 2 1     b    
#> 3 2     b    
#> 4 1     a

Union All

All rows from x and y, keeping duplicates.

union_all(x, y)
#> # A tibble: 5 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 1     a    
#> 2 1     b    
#> 3 2     a    
#> 4 1     a    
#> 5 2     b

Intersection

Common rows in both x and y, keeping just unique rows.

intersect(x, y)
#> # A tibble: 1 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 1     a

Set Difference

All rows from x which are not also rows in y, keeping just unique rows.

setdiff(x, y)
#> # A tibble: 2 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 1     b    
#> 2 2     a

setdiff(y, x)
#> # A tibble: 1 x 2
#>   x     y    
#>   <chr> <chr>
#> 1 2     b

Tidy Data

wide
#> # A tibble: 2 x 4
#>      id x     y     z    
#>   <int> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 a     c     e    
#> 2     2 b     d     f
long
#> # A tibble: 6 x 3
#>      id key   val  
#>   <int> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 x     a    
#> 2     2 x     b    
#> 3     1 y     c    
#> 4     2 y     d    
#> 5     1 z     e    
#> 6     2 z     f

Spread and Gather

spread(data, key, value)

Spread a key-value pair across multiple columns.

gather(data, key = "key", value = "value", ...)

Gather takes multiple columns and collapses into key-value pairs, duplicating all other columns as needed. You use gather() when you notice that you have columns that are not variables.

gather(wide, key, val, x:z)
#> # A tibble: 6 x 3
#>      id key   val  
#>   <int> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 x     a    
#> 2     2 x     b    
#> 3     1 y     c    
#> 4     2 y     d    
#> 5     1 z     e    
#> 6     2 z     f
spread(long, key, val)
#> # A tibble: 2 x 4
#>      id x     y     z    
#>   <int> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     1 a     c     e    
#> 2     2 b     d     f